Chnology scaling becomes increasingly aggressive, lifetime reliability has emerged as a critical challenge for modern digital circuits, exacerbated by manufacturing process variations and aging effects. This paper introduces GenSO, a Genetic algorithm-based multi-objective sequential circuit Optimization framework designed to enhance the lifetime reliability of sequential circuits modeled as Finite State Machines (FSMs), while simultaneously addressing initial delay and power consumption. The framework leverages a cross-layer approach, utilizing a gate-level delay degradation model that accounts for process variations and aging to estimate circuit lifetime reliability. A novel metric, termed Guardband-Aware Reliability (GAR), is proposed to provide a fair assessment of FSM lifetime reliability in relation to the guardband and timing yield specified by the designer. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is then employed to optimize delay, power consumption, and lifetime reliability in FSM-based sequential circuits. Experimental results demonstrate that GenSO successfully identifies non-dominated solutions for sequential circuit designs, achieving simultaneous optimization of initial delay, power consumption, and lifetime reliability. With a 15% delay overhead for a 6-year lifetime and a 10% variation ratio, GenSO improves circuit reliability by an average of 64.34%, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art reliability optimization frameworks, which typically achieve less than 30% improvement in lifetime reliability.

Logic circuits in digital electronics can generally be classified two categories-combinational and sequential logic circuits.There are several software-based applications and hardware description languages to describe the structure and behavior of electronic circuits.Although it is an easy to construct a state transition table from the state transition diagram,creating an excitation table according to the memory element type in the sequential circuit design is a very laborious and time-consuming task.After the logic functions extracted from the state transition tables are obtained,logic design verification can be carried out by a conventional simulator.This will require time and persistence much like learning any other skill.Computer science degrees include courses focused mainly on programming languages.There’s a strong case to be made for use of skills acquired in programming courses to shorten the learning curve.Thus, this work has proposed a method for the implementation of the circuit only the state equations of the sequential circuit without dealing with excitation tables.This eliminates the process of constructing the circuit schematically, since it does not require flip-flop selection.In this method, since the state equations can be expressed through buttonbox,checkbox,textbox etc.which are the basic elements of the programming language,the behavior of the circuit can be observed in a very short time.

In the test of a circuit for faults it is very desirable to have the minimum paths that are to be tested for a complete circuit test. At first, the best test vectors are chosen and then these pairs of vectors are applied to the circuit. Each of these pair of vectors is able to detect a certain number of the faults and the path delay fault coverage for each and all of them may be calculated.Suitable choice of a path may result in the coverage of the whole circuit and increases detected faults. In this paper, a new method for choosing the minimum suitable paths is introduced. Decreasing the number of test paths causes an increase in the number of detectable faults by a certain number of test vector pairs, hence giving a better fault coverage. In the presented method, a test path would be selected, if and only if, there exists at least one "two-piece" segment in that path which has not been tested before in the previously tested paths. If the chosen path has at least one "three-piece" (or "more-piece") segment the method will become more complicated. The method is applied to some ISCAS89 benchmarks circuits.

Background & Aim: Dental plaque is recognized as the main etiologic factor in gingival diseases. There fore, prevention and control of plaque aggregation on various dental surface display a very significant role in prophylaxis and treatment of both gingivitis and periodontitis. However mechanical removing of the plaque is the primary method for dental and oral hygiene, It can not be carried out perfectly even by precision patient. To resolve the problem, it is recommended to add chemical control to mechanical method. In respect to the importance of chemical control, this study purposes to evaluate synergic effect and compare effect of chlorhexidine, NaF mouth washes, a type of chemical method, on plaque control.Materials & Methods: The studied group consist of 15 dentistry students. After a thorough professional prophylaxis including interdental cleaning.15 subjects started to rinse according to 4 different regiments: regimen CH-NaF: chlorhexidine Immediately followed by Sodium fluoride in the morning and in the evening; regimen NaF-CH: Sodium Fluoride immediately followed by Chlorhexidine in the morning and in the evening; regimen CH: chlorhexidine in the morning and in the evening; regimen NaF: Sodium Fluoride in the morning and in the evening. No further oral hygiene measures were allowed for the next 5 day. After 5day, the subject were scored for BOP, PI and PCR, afther of days’ washout period of 4 days. Following this procedure, all subjects went through all 4 regiments.Results: Our observation revealed no bleeding due to probing in all who used four rinsing regimes. The rate of plaque index varied according to the type and manner of the mouthwash applied, so that minimal plaque index was seen in combining chlorhexidine / Sodium Fluoride regimen. In addition, the mean plaque control record percent different in accordance to the type and manner of the mouthwash applied, so that the lowest mean was illustrated in the regimen combining chlorhexidine / Sodium Fluoride mouthwashes.Conclusion: The observation showed no bleeding on probing in subjects who applied four regimens. The best outcomes of plaque index and plaque control record were obtained with use of chlorhexidine-sodium fluoride mouth washes.

A review of various legal rules comprising the law of obligations in the Iranian legal system demonstrates that this system recognizes a special type of obligations with the unusual property that its burden is neither on one specific person (individual responsibility), nor on several persons simultaneously (joint responsibility), but, in two or more subsequent stages, along a specified priority, on different persons, so that in each stage, the creditor's claim is due to be paid from a different person’s property. The creditor could pass to the next stage only when in the previous, there has been found no, or insufficient, assets. The obligations of involved persons, in other words, cover each other alternatively. The type of obligation thus described has not been viewed as a genuine, independent one in the Iranian legal system so far. Rather, it is considered as a special and exceptional phenomenon, or even as an irregularity. Therefore, the instances fitting in this type have not been collected and studied together, its constituting elements have not been specifically studied, and the rules governing it have not been formulated. This article is intended to study this type of responsibility as a genuine and independent type among obligations and to examine its instances, elements and the rules governing it. The method of this research is descriptive and analytical. Accordingly, in the beginning, the article will descriptively review various laws that contain, or constitute an application of, the sequential responsibility, either explicitly or implicitly. Then, in the analytical phase, an attempt will be made to derive the general principles, elements and rules governing the provisions embodied in that particular body of law. In this way, the most important interpretive instrument will be the induction from various legal provisions. The library research method will also be employed. The hypothesis of this research is that the sequential responsibility is not exceptional or irregular, but a genuine, purposeful and regular type which the legislator is able to use when necessary. It is a combination of the individual and the joint responsibility, aiming to support both the debtor and the creditor at the same time. Also, it can be conceived as a form of insurance for a number of obligations, each backed by the obligation(s) of the next stage. Therefore, by coherent explanation and analysis of the rules governing this type of responsibility, the scope of its appropriate application can be suggested to the legislator and to the legal doctrine. The principal questions of this research are: 1. what are the examples of sequential responsibility in the Iranian laws? 2. What are the structural characteristics and the elements of this type and its differences with other types of responsibility? 3. What general rules governing this type could be induced and to what issues could they be applied? On the other hand, the following hypotheses will be suggested: 1. The hierarchy between the liabilities of different persons for paying alimony to relatives, as well as the sequence in paying the blood money between a) Aqila (paternal relative of the felon), b) the felon, and c) the public treasury are prime examples of this type of responsibility. Also, the sequence between a) minor's liability and b) its culpable guardian's liability, and in some cases, the liabilities of a) the company director and shareholders/members, and b) the company/legal entity should be considered as examples of this type of liability, 2. The elements of this type of responsibility are: sequentiality, single debt, and multiple properties. 3. There are general rules governing matters such as: the aim of responsibility, the relationship between liable persons, and the scope of responsibility. This article has depicted as a regular category a group of obligations that have always been viewed as sporadic or exceptional cases. The article will present them as an independent, original institution in the Iranian law, with the proposed name "sequential liability". Various instances of this type of liability will be traced through different laws and put together as a coherent category. These include: sequential liability between the invalid (the insane and the minors) and their culpable guardian (Article 7 of the Civil Liability Act), sequential responsibility between different persons for paying alimony to their relatives (Articles 1198 et seq. of the Civil Code), sequential responsibility between the director of a legal entity and the entity itself to compensate for damages caused by a crime (Article 28 of the Protection of Authors, Writers and Artists Act, legislated in 1970), sequential liability between limited liability and general partnership companies and their partners/shareholders (Articles 126, 186 and 187 of the Commercial Code), sequential liability between the company and its culpable director against third parties (Article 143 of the Amendment to the Commercial Code), and sequential responsibility between the Aqila (paternal relative of the felon), the felon, and the public treasury, to pay blood money (Articles 470, 435, 471, 474 and 475 of the Islamic Penal Code). Instead of focusing on divergences, the article will explore similarities and common elements in various cases, as is necessary in any scientific research. Common elements are: a) sequentiality, which means the sequential relation between a number of obligations based on a specified priority, b) multiple properties, meaning that sequential responsibility shifts, at each level, from one liable person’s property, to the property of the person in the next rank, c) one debt, meaning that the content of obligation is the same for all sequential ranks, bearing same qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Finally, by induction from various bodies of law, and by taking into account the purpose and the rationale behind this type of responsibility, the general rules governing it, which are applicable in similar cases or when no specific rule can be found in the texts, will be formulated as follows: first, the aim of sequential liability is to support both the creditor and the debtor, in that the creditor will have access to multiple properties to collect the debt, and the debtor will not be forced to face hardship by fulfilling the debt. Thus, this is a genuine category of responsibilities, along with the individual and the joint responsibility, second, as to the relationship between sequential debtors, since each of them is paying his own debt, he cannot, in principle, claim against those in the previous or the next rank to refund what he has paid, such as is the case for the one who pays the relative’s alimony, third, the scope of sequential responsibility, in accordance with its rationale and its premises, is that each debtor in any rank is responsible for all of the debt, and only the portion he failed to pay will be transferred to the next rank. As for the case where several debtors are in the same rank, the rule is that each will have to pay an equal share of the debt.

Many real-world issues have multiple conflicting objectives, and optimization of the contradictory objectives is very difficult. In the recent years, the Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) have shown a great performance in order to optimize such problems. Thus the development of MOEAs will always lead to the advancement of science. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGAII) is considered as one of the most used evolutionary algorithms, and many MOEAs such as the sequential Multi-Objective Algorithm (SEQ-MOGA) have emerged to resolve the NSGAII problems. SEQ-MOGA presents a new survival selection that arranges the individuals systematically, and the chromosomes can cover the entire Pareto Front region. In this work, the Archive sequential Multi-Objective Algorithm (ASMOGA) is proposed in order to develop and improve SEQ-MOGA. ASMOGA uses the archive technique in order to save the history of the search procedure so that the maintenance of the diversity in the decision space is adequately satisfied. In order to demonstrate the performance of ASMOGA, it is used and compared with several state-of-the-art MOEAs for optimizing the benchmark functions and designing the I-Beam problem. The optimization results are evaluated by the performance metrics such as the hyper-volume, generational distance, spacing, and t-test (a statistical test). Based on the results obtained, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is clearly identified.

This study was conducted in Mouteh grinding circuit. Mouteh gold processing plant is located in Esfahan province, center of Iran, close to Mouteh open pit mine. One of the main problems in this circuit is low efficiency grinding operation. In this study, first grinding circuit and its performance parameters are evaluated. Laboratory and corrected operating Bond work index subsequently were calculated to be 16.8 and 21.47 (kwh/t), respectively. Bond efficiency factor then estimated to be 78.24%. Low value of this index means that the grinding operation is inefficient. Finally, efficiency of hydrocyclones evaluated and its cut size was calculated to be 85 microns.